Laboratory "In-vitro" Evaluation of the Parallel Stent Graft Association for the Iliac Sandwich Technique.

OBJECTIVES: The Iliac Sandwich is an off-label technique that uses parallel stent grafts to treat aortoiliac aneurysms. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the conformability and juxtaposition of stent grafts combinations used in this technique through in-vitro mechanical evaluation, computed tomography (CT) analyses, and a controlled pulsatile flow system. METHODS: The combinations of two Viabahn® ("V-V") or Viabahn® and Excluder® iliac extension ("V-E") were analysed using CT imaging with measurement of the gutter area by two independent analysts before and after balloon angioplasty. In a second phase, the parallel stent combinations were also evaluated using CT imaging after being implanted in the aortic aneurysm model with a pulsatile flow system with controlled temperature, viscosity, and density. RESULTS: The "V-E" group had a better conformability when compared to the "V-V" group, ensuring smaller gutter areas (0.0064 cm2 ± 0.01 vs. 0.0228 cm2 ± 0.03, p < 0.001). Post dilatation with two non-compliant balloons resulted in enlargement of the gutter area (Area A, p 0.065; Area B, p 0.071). Conversely, post dilatation with a non-compliant balloon for the internal iliac component and a compliant balloon for the external iliac device reduced the gutter area (Area A, p 0.008; Area B, p 0.010). CONCLUSION: The combination of Viabahn® and Excluder® iliac extension device ("V-E") had a smaller gutter area compared to two Viabahn® parallel stents for the Iliac Sandwich Technique. Post dilatation using a non-compliant balloon for the internal iliac device and a compliant balloon for the external iliac provided superior conformability and juxtaposition.

Use of 1,470 nm laser for treatment of superficial venous insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: There are several ways to treat varicose veins of the lower limbs, among which use of 1470nm diode lasers stands out. This technique can be used to treat patients in outpatient settings, with early return to work, good esthetic results, and low rates of complications. However, variables such as the laser wavelength, the power administered in each area, the type of fiber, and the linear intravenous energy density (LEED) are still extensively discussed. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of superficial venous insufficiency treatment with a 1470nm diode laser. METHODS: Retrospective study conducted at a private clinic in a private hospital in Florianopolis, based on a database collected prospectively. The sample comprised 287 patients who underwent surgery to treat superficial venous insufficiency with 1470nm diode laser, from January 2016 to December 2018, totaling 358 great saphenous veins (GSVs) and 84 small saphenous veins (SSVs) treated. RESULTS: The total occlusion rates after 12 months of surgery were 94.4% in the GSVs, with an average LEED of 45.90 J/cm, and 96.4% in the SSVs, with an average LEED of 44.07 J/cm. CONCLUSIONS: During the follow-up period, the 1470nm diode laser proved to be a safe treatment, with great efficacy and low rates of complications (pain, edema, bruising, deep vein thrombosis, and endothermal heat-induced thrombosis - EHIT).

Uso do laser de 1. 470 nm para o tratamento de insuficiência venosa superficial / Use of 1, 470 nm laser for treatment of superficial venous insufficiency

Resumo Contexto Existem diversas formas de tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Entre elas, destaca-se o uso do laser diodo de 1.470 nm. Essa técnica proporciona aos pacientes uma cirurgia em regime ambulatorial, com retorno precoce à atividade ocupacional, bom resultado estético e baixo índice de complicações. No entanto, ainda se discute exaustivamente variáveis como comprimento de onda do laser, potência aplicada em cada área, tipo de fibra, necessidade ou não de tumescência e densidade de energia endovenosa linear. Objetivos Analisar os resultados do tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial com laser diodo de 1.470 nm. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, realizado em uma clínica privada de um hospital privado em Florianópolis a partir de dados colhidos prospectivamente. As amostras eram de 287 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial com laser diodo de 1.470 nm, de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, totalizando 358 veias safenas magnas e 84 veias safenas parvas tratadas. Resultados A taxa de oclusão total após 12 meses de cirurgia foi de 94,4%, com densidade de energia endovenosa linear média de 45,90 J/cm nas veias safenas magnas e de 96,4% com densidade de energia endovenosa linear média de 44,07 J/cm nas veias safenas parvas. Conclusões No período acompanhado, o laser diodo de 1.470 nm mostrou-se um tratamento seguro, muito efetivo e com baixas taxas de complicações (dor, edema, equimose, trombose venosa profunda e trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso).

Abstract Background There are several ways to treat varicose veins of the lower limbs, among which use of 1470nm diode lasers stands out. This technique can be used to treat patients in outpatient settings, with early return to work, good esthetic results, and low rates of complications. However, variables such as the laser wavelength, the power administered in each area, the type of fiber, and the linear intravenous energy density (LEED) are still extensively discussed. Objectives To analyze the results of superficial venous insufficiency treatment with a 1470nm diode laser. Methods Retrospective study conducted at a private clinic in a private hospital in Florianopolis, based on a database collected prospectively. The sample comprised 287 patients who underwent surgery to treat superficial venous insufficiency with 1470nm diode laser, from January 2016 to December 2018, totaling 358 great saphenous veins (GSVs) and 84 small saphenous veins (SSVs) treated. Results The total occlusion rates after 12 months of surgery were 94.4% in the GSVs, with an average LEED of 45.90 J/cm, and 96.4% in the SSVs, with an average LEED of 44.07 J/cm. Conclusions During the follow-up period, the 1470nm diode laser proved to be a safe treatment, with great efficacy and low rates of complications (pain, edema, bruising, deep vein thrombosis, and endothermal heat-induced thrombosis - EHIT).

O uso da rivaroxabana como monoterapia no tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso baseado em evidências / The use of rivaroxaban as single drug in the treatment of venous thromboembolism based on evidence

O tromboembolismo venoso, que compreende a trombose venosa profunda e a embolia pulmonar, tem início com a formação de trombos no sistema venoso profundo, principalmente dos membros inferiores. Essa doença é uma importante causa de morbimortalidade na população, sendo seu tratamento precoce e adequado fundamental para evitar maiores consequências. Tradicionalmente, utiliza-se na sua terapêutica fármacos anticoagulantes, tais como as heparinas e os antagonistas de vitamina K. Nos últimos anos, novos anticoagulantes vêm sendo estudados com o objetivo de superar algumas limitações dessa terapia convencional. Esses novos anticoagulantes orais, tal como a rivaroxabana, inibem uma única enzima da cascata de coagulação, possuem ação, metabolização e eliminação estáveis, com poucas interações medicamentosas e alimentares e menos variações individuais, com isso podem ser administrados em doses fixas e sem a necessidade de monitorização laboratorial, fornecendo uma opção mais cômoda e com facilidade posológica. Sua eficácia, avaliada através de grandes estudos controlados, é semelhante ao esquema convencional, com a vantagem de possuir menor incidência de sangramento. Contudo, esses medicamentos ainda não possuem antídotos específicos em caso de sangramentos mais graves durante seu uso. Mais estudos a longo prazo são necessários para verificar seus efeitos e sua real aplicabilidade. O objetivo desse artigo foi realizar uma revisão dos novos anticoagulantes orais, com ênfase na rivaroxabana, baseada nos estudos mais recentes sobre o assunto. Algumas bases de dados foram consultadas em busca de artigos nacionais e internacionais, além da melhor evidência científica possível.

The venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, begins with the development of thrombus in the deep venous system, mainly at the legs. This disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the population and an early and correct treatment is crucial to avoid its complications. Traditionally, anticoagulants are used to treat this condition, such as heparins and vitamin K antagonists. In the last few years, new oral anticoagulants have been studied to overcome the limitations of this conventional therapy. The new anticoagulants, such as rivaroxaban, inhibit one enzyme in the coagulation cascade. They have stable action, metabolization and elimination, with few interactions with other medications or foods and less variation between patients. Therefore, these anticoagulants can be used at fixed-dose regimen, without the need for laboratorial monitoring, providing an easier option in the treatment of the venous thromboembolism. These drugs are as effective as the conventional therapy, with the advantage of having lower incidence of haemorrhagic events, according to large clinical trials. However, there is not a specific antidote if a major bleeding happens. More researches are needed to verify your effects and real applicability. The goal of this paper was to make a review about the new anticoagulants, mainly rivaroxaban, based in the recent studies about this subject. National and international papers and the best cientific evidence have been searched in some data bases.

Tratamento da trombose venosa profunda aguda com rivaroxabana / Treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis with rivaroxaban

A rivaroxabana é um anticoagulante oral, utilizado em dose fixa diária, sem necessidade de monitorização laboratorial, que já se mostrou eficaz e seguro no tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso como monoterapia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi acompanhar a evolução e o possível surgimento de efeitos colaterais em pacientes com trombose venosa profunda aguda em uso da rivaroxabana como monoterapia. Os pacientes incluídos no estudo utilizaram rivaroxabana durante 6 meses, sendo acompanhados através de avaliação clínica, eco-Doppler, exames laboratoriais e raio X de tórax. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste exato de Fisher. Entre junho de 2012 e maio de 2015, 23 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo, sendo 60,86% do sexo feminino e 39,13% do sexo masculino. Cirurgia recente foi o principal fator predisponente observado, seguido de imobilização. Em 56,52% dos casos a TVP se localizava na veia poplítea e/ou nas veias da perna, denominado grupo 1, e em 39,13% no território ilíaco-femoral, denominado de grupo 2. Dois pacientes apresentaram eventos tromboembólicos durante o período de observação. Os pacientes do grupo 1 obtiveram recanalização completa do segmento venoso acometido em 100% dos casos comparado com 33,33% naqueles do grupo 2 (p<0,05). Nenhum paciente foi a óbito ou desenvolveu eventos hemorrágicos durante o seguimento. Dor abdominal e queda na taxa de filtração glomerular foram os efeitos colaterais encontrados. Nesse trabalho, a rivaroxabana se mostrou efetiva e segura no tratamento da TVP aguda, sendo a localização da trombose um importante preditor da evolução do trombo.

Rivaroxaban is an oral anticoagulant, used in a fixed-dose regimen, without the need for laboratorial monitoring, which is effective and safe for the treatment of venous thromboembolism monotherapy. The goal of this study was to observe the evolution and the possible development of side effects in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis in use of rivaroxaban as monotherapy. Patients included in this study used rivaroxaban for 6 months, followed during the treatment by clinical evaluation, Doppler ultrasound, laboratory tests and chest X-ray . These patients were followed, by clinical evaluation, eco-Doppler, laboratorial testing and chest X-rays. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher 's exact test. Between june 2012 and may 2015, 23 patients were included in this study. 60,86% were women and 39,13% men. Recent surgery was the main risk factor observed, followed by immobilization. In 56,52% of the cases the DVT was located at the popliteal vein and/or leg veins, named group 1, and 39,13% were at iliofemoral territory, named group 2. Two patients had thromboembolic events during the follow-up. The group 1 patients achieved complete recanalization of the venous segment affected in 100 % of cases compared with 33.33 % in those in group 2 (p< 0,05). No patient died or developed bleeding events during follow-up. Abdominal pain and decrease of the glomerular filtration were adverse events observed. In this study, rivaroxaban was effective and safe in the treatment of acute DVT. DVT location was an important predictor of the thrombus evolution.

Tomographic Measurement of Gutters and Analysis of the Conformability of Stent Grafts in the Octopus Technique for Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: The Octopus technique is an off-label and off-the-shelf strategy used as an option in the management of some specific and selected cases of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA). We sought to compare 2 different methods of measurements on computed tomography (CT) slices and to evaluate the accommodation and conformability, before and after ballooning, of the components used in the Octopus technique. METHODS: The CT gutter analysis between the 3 stent grafts within the short docking limb of the Excluder(®) was made using Viabahns(®) of 8, 7, and 6 mm in diameter. Each of the 10 possible combinations underwent a CT established protocol. The best axial image of the docking limb was submitted for an evaluation by 2 independent analysts, using 2 different methods. We also performed a postballooning evaluation, and the same CT protocol was used. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the formats of measurement type "A" and type "B." Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the measurements made by the independent analysts. The tomography analyses demonstrated that the combination of stent grafts (Viabahn) of 8 and 7 mm diameter, inside the short docking limb of the bifurcated endoprosthesis, had the best possible relationship between the diameters used. These combinations showed better conformability and juxtaposition, with smaller areas of gutters and theoretically less possibility of endoleak. In addition, we found that postimplant balloon dilatation impaired the conformability and juxtaposition of the stent grafts (Viabahn) in the optimum combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, we demonstrated a feasible, reliable, and reproducible form of CT measurement of the gutters in the Octopus technique for endovascular repair of TAAAs. Based on these measurements, there is a preferable combination of Viabahn sizes to be used in the Octopus technique and that postdilatation impairs the conformability and juxtaposition.

Síndrome da congestão venosa pélvica e resultados do tratamento endovascular: série de casos / Pelvic congestion syndrome case series: results of endovascular treatment

A Síndrome da Congestão Venosa Pélvica (SCVP) é uma causa de dor pélvica crônica, que afeta principalmente mulheres multíparas em idade reprodutiva. Para o tratamento desta síndrome, a embolização de varizes pélvicas tem demonstrado excelentes resultados. Relatamos uma série inicial de pacientes submetidas a tratamento com embolização de varizes pélvicas e os respectivos resultados de acompanhamento pós-operatório. São apresentados dados clínicos, detalhes do procedimento e resultados do acompanhamento e de exames de imagem de seis pacientes. Dentre estas pacientes, o sucesso técnico foi de 100% e não houve relato de complicações trans ou pós-operatórias graves. Em todos os casos, pôde-se observar alívio dos sintomas e melhora nos resultados de exames de imagens no acompanhamento de curto prazo. Os resultados nesta pequena série de casos indicam que a embolização é um tratamento seguro e efetivo para a SCVP.

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS) is a cause of chronic pelvic pain that primarily affects multiparous women of reproductive age. Embolization of pelvic varicose veins offers excellent results for treatment of this syndrome. We describe an initial series of patients treated with embolization of pelvic varicose veins and their respective postoperative follow-up results. We provide clinical data, details of the procedures performed and results of follow-up and imaging exams for six patients. The technical success rate with these patients was 100% and there were no reports of serious intraoperative or postoperative complications. In all cases there was relief from symptoms and improvements in the results of imaging exams during short-term follow-up. The results of this small series of cases indicate that embolization is a safe and effective treatment for PCS.

Outcome of 1470nm laser diode ablation for superficial venous insufficiency / Resultado do tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial com Laser Diodo 1470 nm

BACKGROUND: Endovenous laser ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to treat superficial venous insufficiency. We believe that using a longer wavelength will reduce the frequency of the most common adverse effects associated with the use of shorter wavelengths. OBJECTIVES: To report the results of an initial series of patients with chronic superficial venous insufficiency treated using a 1470 nanometer diode laser and to compare results using linear and radial laser fibers.METHODS: We conducted an observational cohort study. Seventy-four patients, for whom at least two postoperative Doppler ultrasonography scans were available, were recruited with a total of 121 saphenous veins treated (92 great and 29 small saphenous veins). There were 57 patients in Group A (treated with the linear fiber) and 17 in Group B (radial fiber). Follow-up ideally comprised clinical consultation and Doppler ultrasonography at 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after the procedure. Success was defined as total occlusion of the venous segment that had been treated.RESULTS: Success rates at mean follow-up of 13.4 months (range 7 - 27) were 83% for great saphenous veins and 89% for small saphenous veins. Patients treated with the radial fiber required less energy to achieve occlusion of the small saphenous vein and exhibited fewer adverse reactions, with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of great and small saphenous vein insufficiency using the 1470 nm diode laser is safe and effective. The radial fiber was associated with fewer intercurrent conditions than the linear fiber, although success rates were similar.

CONTEXTO: A ablação endovenosa com laser consiste em um procedimento minimamente invasivo e é aplicada no tratamento da insuficiência venosa superficial. Acreditamos que o uso de uma onda de maior comprimento irá propiciar a diminuição dos principais efeitos adversos, relacionados com ondas de menor comprimento. OBJETIVOS: Demonstrar o resultado de uma série inicial de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica superficial, tratados com o uso do Laser Diodo 1470 nanômetros, e comparar as fibras linear e radial.MÉTODOS: Conduzimos um estudo observacional do tipo coorte histórico. Setenta e quatro pacientes, com no mínimo dois eco-Doppler pós-operatórios, foram incluídos, totalizando 121 veias safenas tratadas (92 magnas e 29 parvas). Tivemos 57 pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo A (fibra linear) e 17 ao Grupo B (fibra radial). O follow-up foi idealmente realizado com uma consulta clínica e eco-Doppler em um mês, seis meses e 12 meses, após o procedimento. O sucesso foi definido como a oclusão total do segmento venoso tratado.RESULTADOS: O sucesso no follow-up médio de 13,4 meses (7 - 27) foi de 83% para veias safenas magnas e 89% para veias safenas parvas. Pacientes submetidos ao uso de fibra radial necessitaram de menos energia para oclusão da veia safena parva e apresentaram menos reações adversas, com significância estatística.CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da insuficiência de veias safenas magna e parva com o Laser Diodo 1470 nm é seguro e eficaz. A utilização da fibra radial foi associada a menos intercorrências em relação à fibra linear, apesar de sucesso semelhante.

Endovascular treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with aortocaval fistula based on aortic and inferior vena cava stent-graft placement.

A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA), complicated by an aortocaval fistula (ACF), is usually associated with high morbidity and mortality during open operative repair. We report a case of endovascular treatment of an RAAA with ACF. After accessing both common femoral arteries, a bifurcated aortic stent graft was placed. Subsequently, we accessed the fistula from the right femoral vein and a cava vein angiography showed a persistent massive flow from the cava to the excluded aneurysm sac. We proceeded by covering the fistula with an Excluder aortic stent-graft cuff to prevent pressurization of the aneurysm sac and secondary endoleaks. This procedure is feasible and may reduce the chances of posterior endoleaks.

Total endovascular repair of aberrant left subclavian artery with Kommerell's diverticulum using a customized branched device.

We describe a case of Kommerell's diverticulum involving the distal portion of a right-sided aortic arch and the origin of an aberrant left subclavian artery (LSA). The patient underwent a total endovascular repair with the use of a modified Valiant endograft (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) to which a branch was attached to keep LSA patency. Postoperative computed tomography showed complete exclusion of the lesion, without endoleaks. The use of "customized off-label" devices to treat special conditions was feasible in this case, keeping patency of the LSA without risk of arm claudication or the requirement for a complementary surgical bypass.

Trabalho precoce e riscos à saúde / Precocious work and risks to the health

O trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado à condição econômica, não sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioeconômicos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseqüências à saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideração os tipos de trabalho mais provavelmente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul(AU)

Trabalho precoce e riscos O saúde / Early work and health risks

O trabalho de crianþas e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado O condiþõo econ¶mica, nõo sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisõo bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioecon¶micos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseq³Ûncias O saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideraþõo os tipos de trabalho mais prevalentemente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (AU)

Trabalho precoce e riscos à saúde / Early work and health risks

O trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado à condiçäo econômica, näo sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisäo bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioeconômicos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseqüências à saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideraçäo os tipos de trabalho mais prevalentemente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul